The number of studies and publications do not always correspond (e.g., a publication may include several studies or one study may be explained in several publications)..
Effectiveness Review
Boarnet MG, Day K, Anderson C, McMillan T, Alfonzo M. California’s Safe Routes to School program: impacts on walking, bicycling and pedestrian safety. Journal of the American Planning Association 2005;71(3):301-17.
Børrestad LAB, Østergaard L, Andersen LB, Bere E. Experiences from a randomised, controlled trial on cycling to school: does cycling increase cardiorespiratory fitness? Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 2012;40:245–52.
Buckley A, Lowry MB, Brown H, Barton B. Evaluating safe routes to school events that designate days for walking and bicycling. Transport Policy 2013;30:294-300.
Buliung R, Faulkner G, Beesley T, Kennedy J. School travel planning: mobilizing school and community resources to encourage active school transportation. Journal of School Health 2011;81:704-12.
Bungum TJ, Clark S, Aguilar B. The Effect of an active transport to school intervention at a suburban elementary school. American Journal of Health Education 2014;45:4.
Christiansen LB, Toftager M, Ersbøll AK, Troelsen J. Effects of a Danish multicomponent physical activity intervention on active school transport. Journal of Transport & Health 2014;1(3):174-81.
Coombes E, Jones A. Gamification of active travel to school: A pilot evaluation of the Beat the Street physical activity intervention. Health & Place 2016;39:62–9.
Crawford S, Garrard J. A combined impact-process evaluation of a program promoting active transport to school: understanding the factors that shaped program effectiveness. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2013;2013:14p.
DiMaggio et al. National Safe Routes to School program and risk of school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury. Annals of Epidemiology 2016;26:412-17.
DiMaggio et al. Association of the Safe Routes to School program with school-age pedestrian and bicyclist injury risk in Texas. Injury Epidemiology 2015;2:15.
DiMaggio C, Li G. Effectiveness of a safe routes to school program in preventing school-aged pedestrian injury. Pediatrics 2013;131(2):290-6.
Ducheyne F, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Lenoir M, Cardon G. Effects of a cycle training course on children's cycling skills and levels of cycling to school. Accident Analysis & Prevention 2014;67:49-60.
Duncan S, McPhee JC, Schluter PJ, Zinn C, Smith R, Schofield G. Efficacy of a compulsory homework programme for increasing physical activity and healthy eating in children: the healthy homework pilot study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8(1):127.
Folta SC, Kuder JF, Goldberg JP, Hyatt RR, Must A, Naumova EN, Nelson ME, Economos CD. Changes in diet and physical activity resulting from the Shape Up Somerville community intervention. BMC Pediatrics 2013;13(1):157.
Ginja S, Arnott B, Araujo-Soares V, Namdeo A, McColl E. Feasibility of an incentive scheme to promote active travel to school: a pilot cluster randomised trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies 2017;3(1):57.
Goodman A, van Sluijs EM, Ogilvie D. Impact of offering cycle training in schools upon cycling behaviour: a natural experimental study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2016;13(1):34.
Gutierrez CM, Slagle D, Figueras K, Anon A, Huggins AC, Hotz G. Crossing guard presence: impact on active transportation and injury prevention. Journal of Transport and Health 2014;1(2):116-23.
Gyergyay PB. New ways of encouraging an old form of mobility. Incentivisation of walking to school in London. Revista Bitácora Urbano Territorial 2012;21(2).
Heelan KA, Abbey BM, Donnelly JE, et al. Evaluation of a walking school bus for promoting physical activity in youth. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2009;9:560-7.
Henderson S, Tanner R, Klanderman N, Mattera A, Martin Webb L, Steward J. Safe Routes to School: a public health practice success story—Atlanta, 2008–2010. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2013;10:141-2.
Hinckson EA, Badland HM. School travel plans: Preliminary evidence for changing school-related travel patterns in elementary school children. American Journal of Health Promotion 2011;25(6):368-71.
Hoelscher D, Ory M, Dowdy D, Miao J, Atteberry H, et al. Effects of funding allocation for safe routes to school programs on active commuting to school and related behavioral, knowledge, and psychosocial outcomes: results from the Texas childhood obesity prevention policy evaluation (T-COPPE) study. Environment and Behavior 2016;48(1):210-29.
Hunter RF, de Silva D, Reynolds V, Bird W, Fox KR. International inter-school competition to encourage children to walk to school: a mixed methods feasibility study. BMC Research Notes 2015;8(1):19.
Johnson R, Frearson M, Hewson P. Can bicycle training for children increase active travel. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. 2015 Aug 6. 9p. [Johnson R, Frearson M, Hewson P. Can bicycle training for children increase active travel? Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 2016;169(2):49-57.]
Kong AS, Sussman AL, Negrete S, Patterson N, Mittleman R, Hough R. Implementation of a walking school bus: lessons learned. Journal of School Health 2009;79(7):319-25.
Lambe B, Murphy N, Bauman A. Active travel to primary schools in Ireland: an opportunistic evaluation of a natural experiment. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2017;14(6):448-54.
Malakellis M, Hoare E, Sanigorski A, Crooks N, Allender S, et al. School‐based systems change for obesity prevention in adolescents: outcomes of the Australian Capital Territory ‘It's Your Move!’. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 2017;41(5):490-6.
Mammen G, Stone MR, Faulkner G, Ramanathan S, Buliung R, et al. Active school travel: an evaluation of the Canadian school travel planning intervention. Preventive Medicine 2014;60:55-9.
McDonald NC, Steiner RL, Lee C, Smith TR, Zhu X, Yang Y. Impact of the Safe Routes to School program on walking and biking. Journal of the American Planning Association 2014;80(2):153-67.
McDonald NC, Yang Y, Abbott SM, Bullock AN. Impact of the Safe Routes to School program on walking and biking: Eugene, Oregon study. Transport Policy 2013;29:243-8.
Mckee R, Mutrie N, Crawford F, Green B. Promoting walking to school: results of a quasi-experimental trial. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007;61;818-23.
McMinn D, Rowe DA, Murtagh S, Nelson NM. The effect of a school-based active commuting intervention on children's commuting physical activity and daily physical activity. Preventive Medicine 2012;54(5):316-18.
Mendoza JA, Haaland W, Jacobs M, Abbey-Lambertz M, Miller J, Salls D, Todd W, Madding R, Ellis K, Kerr J. Bicycle trains, cycling, and physical activity: a pilot cluster RCT. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;53(4):481-9.
Mendoza JA, Levinger DD, Johnston BD. Pilot evaluation of a walking school bus program in a low-income, urban community. BMC Public Health 2009;9(1):122
Mendoza JA, Watson K, Baranowski T, Nicklas TA, Uscanga DK, Hanfling MJ. The walking school bus and children’s physical activity: a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2011;128(3):e537-44.
Millar L, Kremer P, de Silva‐Sanigorski A, McCabe MP, Mavoa H, et al. Reduction in overweight and obesity from a 3-year community-based intervention in Australia: the ‘It's Your Move!’project. Obesity Reviews 2011;12(s2):20-8.
Orenstein MR, Gutierrez N, Rice TM, Cooper JF, Ragland DR. Safe Routes to School Safety and Mobility Analysis: Report to the California Legislature. California Department of Transportation and University of California Traffic Safety Center; 2007.
Østergaard L, Støckel JT, Andersen LB. Effectiveness and implementation of interventions to increase commuter cycling to school: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):1199.
Ragland D, Pande S, Bigham J, Cooper J. Ten years later: examining long-term impact of California Safe Routes to School Program. In: Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board; 2014.
Rothman L, Perry D, Buliung R, Macarthur C, To T, et al. Do school crossing guards make crossing roads safer? A quasi-experimental study of pedestrian-motor vehicle collisions in Toronto, Canada. BMC Public Health 2015;15(1):732.
Rowland D, DiGuiseppi C, Gross M, et al. Randomised controlled trial of site specific advice on school travel patterns. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2003;88:8-11.
Sirard JR, Alhassan S, Spencer TR et al. Changes in physical activity from walking to school. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2008;40(5):324-6.
Staunton Ce, Hubsmith D, Kallins W. Promoting safe walking and biking to school: the Marin County success story. Field Action Report 2003;93(9):1431-4.
Stewart O, Moudon AV, Claybrooke C. Multistate evaluation of safe routes to school programs. American Journal of Health Promotion 2014;28(3_suppl):S89-96.
TenBrink DS, McMunn R, Panken S. Project U-Turn: Increasing active transportation in Jackson, Michigan. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;37(6S2);S329-35.
Vanwolleghem G, D’Haese S, Van Dyck D, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Cardon G. Feasibility and effectiveness of drop-off spots to promote walking to school. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2014;11(1):136.
Villa-González E, Ruiz JR, Ward DS, Chillón P. Effectiveness of an active commuting school-based intervention at 6-month follow-up. European Journal of Public Health 2015;26(2):272-6.
Wen LM, Fry D, Merom D, Rissel C, Dirkis H, Balafas A. Increasing active travel to school: are we on the right track? A cluster randomized controlled trial from Sydney, Australia. Preventive Medicine 2008; 47;612-8.
Economic Review
Davis A. Claiming the Health Dividend: A Summary and Discussion of Value for Money Estimates from Studies of Investment in Walking and Cycling. Department of Transport, London. November 2014. (Available from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/371096/claiming_the_health_dividend.pdf)
Fishman E, Garrard J, Ker I, Litman T. Cost and Health Benefit of Active Transport in Queensland: Research and Review, Stage One Report. Prepared by CATALYST for Health Promotion Queensland. May 2011. (Available from: https://sensibletransport.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/QLD-Health-Stage-1-Report-Full-10.09.11.compressed.pdf) (Linked to Ker 2011)
Ker I, Fishman E, Garrard J, Litman T. Cost and Health Benefit of Active Transport in Queensland: Evaluation Framework and Values, Stage Two Report. Prepared by CATALYST for Health Promotion Queensland. September 2011. (Available from: https://sensibletransport.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/QLD-Health-Stage-2-HR_V4.pdf) (Linked to Fishman 2011)
Marjory M, Haby M, Galvin L, Swinburn B, Carter R. Cost-effectiveness of active transport for primary school children-Walking School Bus program. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009;6(1):63.
Moodie M, Haby M, Swinburn B, Carter R. Assessing cost-effectiveness in obesity: active transport program for primary school children—TravelSMART Schools Curriculum Program. Journal of Physical Activity and Health 2011;8:503-15.
Moudon AV, Stewart O. Moving Forward: Safe Routes to School Progress in Five States. Research Report: Agreement T4118 Task 37, Washington State Department of Transportation, Olympia, Washington. July 2012. (Available at: https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/743.3.pdf) (Linked to Stewart 2012)
Muennig PA, Epstein M, Li G, DiMaggio C. The cost-effectiveness of New York City’s safe routes to school program. American Journal of Public Health 2014;104(7):1294-9.
Orenstein OR, Gutierrez N, Rice TM, et al. Safe Routes to School: Safety and Mobility Analysis. Report to the California Legislature, January 2007. (Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5455454c)
University of Toronto. School Travel Planning Benefit-cost Report for Toronto & Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph. February 2016. (Available from: http://ontarioactiveschooltravel.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Benefit-Cost-Final-Report-2016.pdf)
Stewart O, Moudon AV, Claybrooke C. Multistate evaluation of Safe Routes to School programs. American Journal of Health Promotion 2014;28(3_suppl):S89-96. (Linked to Moudon 2012)
Sustrans. Improving access for Local Journeys Linking Communities 2012-13 programme-wide impacts. Department of Transport. Sustrans, Bristol. July 2014. (Available from: https://www.sustrans.org.uk/sites/default/files/file_content_type/improving_access_for_local_journeys_report_final.pdf)
Yamaguchi T, Kawakami S. A study on contingent valuation of transport accessibility improvement. Studies in Regional Science 2007;37(4):979-94.
Other References
Boarnet MG, Anderson CL, Day K, McMillan T, Alfonzo M. Evaluation of the California Safe Routes to School legislation: urban form changes and children's active transportation to school. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;28(2 Suppl 2):134-40.
Boarnet MG, Day K, Anderson C, McMillan T, Alfonzo M. California’s Safe Routes to School program: impacts on walking, bicycling and pedestrian safety. Journal of the American Planning Association 2005;71(3):301-17. (Linked to Orenstein 2007)
Effectiveness Review
The CPSTF finding is based on evidence from a systematic review of 52 studies (search period through March 2018) that evaluated the impact of active travel to school interventions on students’ commuting patterns. The Community Guide review identified 11 studies from a published systematic review (search period through January 2010).
Chillón P, Evenson KR, Vaughn A, et al. A systematic review of interventions for promoting active transportation to school. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8(1):10.
The Community Guide coordinated an updated search for evidence using search terms adapted from Chillon 2011 et al. Forty-one additional studies were identified (search period January 2010 to March 2018).
Searched databases covered publications in biomedical, behavioral, environmental, and transportation sciences. The types of documents searched in the databases included journal articles, books, book chapters, reports, conference papers, and dissertations.
Search strategies were adjusted to each database, based on controlled and uncontrolled vocabularies and search software. Members of the systematic review team also scanned the bibliographies of all included studies to identify any additional relevant literature.
PubMed
#1 (pedestrian* or transport* or active or walk*[title/abstract] or walk*[mesh] OR Bike OR bikers OR biking OR bicycle or bicycled or bicycles or bicycling OR cycling OR cyclist* OR commute* OR commuting OR OR travel*)
#2 (policy or policies OR preparation OR promotion* OR program* or “physical environment” OR pilot OR project OR planning or “built environment” or environment* OR evaluat* OR engineer* OR encourage* OR education or equity or enforcement or intervention* OR implement* OR change OR impact OR “walk to school” OR “safe routes to school” OR “walking schoolbus” OR “walking school bus” OR “walking school buses”)
#3 (“school”[Title/Abstract])
#4 "United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States"[MeSH] OR “United Kingdom”[MeSH] OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” or “U.S. Virgin Islands”
#5 ("2010/01/01"[PDat] : "2018/03/05"[PDat] ) AND English[lang])
#6 #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5
Scopus
( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( school ) AND ( TITLE-ABS-KEY (pedestrian* or transport* or active or bike OR biker OR biking OR bicycle OR bicycling OR commute* OR commuting OR travel* OR cycling OR cyclist OR walk OR walked OR walking OR walks OR walkers ) AND (( TITLE-ABS-KEY (policy or policies OR preparation OR promotion* OR program* or “physical environment” OR pilot OR project OR planning or “built environment” or environment* OR evaluat* OR engineer* OR encourage* OR education or equity or enforcement or intervention* OR implement* OR change OR impact ) OR ( TITLE-ABS-KEY ( walk W/3 school ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( safe W/3 routes W/3 school ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( walking W/3 schoolbus ) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY ( wallking W/3 school W/3 bus ) ) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States" OR “United Kingdom” OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” or “U.S. Virgin Islands”) AND PUBYEAR > 2009 ) ) AND ( LIMIT-TO ( LANGUAGE , "English" ) )
Cochrane
#1 pedestrian* or transport* or active or walk or walks or walking or walked or walkers or bike OR bikers OR biking OR bicycl* OR cycling OR cyclist* OR commute* OR commuting OR travel*:ti,ab,kw.
#2 policy or policies or preparation or promotion* or program* or "physical environment" or pilot or project or planning or "built environment" or environment* or evaluat* or engineer* or encourage* or education or equity or enforcement or intervention* or implement* or change or impact or "walk to school" or "safe routes to school" or "walking schoolbus" or "walking school bus" or "walking school buses":ti,ab,kw
#3 "United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States" OR “United Kingdom” OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” or “U.S. Virgin Islands”
#4 School:ti,ab,kw.
#5 #1 and #2 and #3 and #4
Limits - Publication Year from 2010 to 2018
NTL
(kw: pedestrian* OR kw:active OR kw:walk OR kw:walks OR kw:walked OR kw:walking OR kw: walkers OR kw:bike OR kw:bikers OR kw:biking OR kw:bicycle OR kw:bicycles OR kw:bicycling OR kw:cycle OR kw:cycling OR kw:cyclist OR kw:cyclists OR kw:commute OR kw:commuting OR kw:transport OR kw:travel or kw:travels or kw:traveling or kw:travelling) AND (kw: policy or kw: policies OR kw: preparation OR kw: promotion OR kw: program or kw:programs or kw:programming or kw: “physical environment” OR kw: pilot OR kw: project OR kw: planning or kw: “built environment” or kw: environment OR kw: evaluate or kw:evaluation OR kw: engineer or kw:engineered or kw:engineering OR kw: encourage OR kw: education or kw: equity or kw: enforcement or kw: intervention OR kw: implement OR kw: change OR kw: impact OR kw: “walk to school” OR kw: “safe routes to school” OR kw: “walking schoolbus” OR kw: “walking school bus” OR kw: “walking school buses”) AND kw:school
LIMITS:2010-2018, English
Economic Review
The search for effectiveness evidence described above (search period through March 2018) also identified economic evidence included in this review. An additional search focused on economic studies within PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and EconLit (search period 1990 – July 12, 2018).
Search terms and strategies were adjusted for each database, based on controlled and uncontrolled vocabularies and software. Informal searches were also conducted for unpublished studies and reports from governments and non-government organizations using the Google and Google Scholar search engines. Finally, reference lists in included studies were screened and subject matter experts were consulted for additional studies that may have been missed.
Database: PubMed
Date Searched: 7/12/2018
Results: 334/334 unique
Search Strategy:
#1 (pedestrian* or transport* or active or walk*[title/abstract] or walk*[mesh] OR Bike OR bikers OR biking OR bicycle or bicycled or bicycles or bicycling OR cycling OR cyclist* OR commute* OR commuting OR OR travel*)
#2 (policy or policies OR preparation OR promotion* OR program* or “physical environment” OR pilot OR project OR planning or “built environment” or environment* OR evaluat* OR engineer* OR encourage* OR education or equity or enforcement or intervention* OR implement* OR change OR impact OR “walk to school” OR “safe routes to school” OR “walking schoolbus” OR “walking school bus” OR “walking school buses”)
#3 (“school”[Title/Abstract])
#4 "United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States"[MeSH] OR “United Kingdom”[MeSH] OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” or “U.S. Virgin Islands”
#5 ("1990/01/01"[PDat] : "2009/12/31"[PDat] ) AND English[lang])
#6 (cost* OR economic* OR financ* OR ROI OR investment*) OR ec[subheading]
#7 #1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4 AND #5 AND #6
Database: Scopus
Date Searched: 7/12/2018
Results: 638/427 unique
Search Strategy:
TITLE-ABS-KEY(school) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(pedestrian* or transport* or active or bike OR biker OR biking OR bicycle OR bicycling OR commute* OR commuting OR travel* OR cycling OR cyclist OR walk OR walked OR walking OR walks OR walkers ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (policy OR policies OR preparation OR promotion* OR program* OR “physical environment” OR pilot OR project OR planning OR “built environment” OR environment* OR evaluat* OR engineer* OR encourage* OR education OR equity OR enforcement OR intervention* OR implement* OR change OR impact OR (walk W/3 school) OR (safe W/3 routes W/3 school) OR (walking W/3 schoolbus ) OR (wallking W/3 school W/3 bus )) AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States" OR “United Kingdom” OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” OR “U.S. Virgin Islands”)) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY(cost* OR economic* OR financ* OR ROI OR investment*) AND PUBYEAR < 2010 AND PUBYEAR AFT 1989
AND
(LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE , "English" ))
Database: Cochrane
Date Searched: 6/16/2017
Results: 40/24 unique
Search Strategy:
#1 pedestrian* or transport* or active or walk or walks or walking or walked or walkers or bike OR bikers OR biking OR bicycl* OR cycling OR cyclist* OR commute* OR commuting OR travel*:ti,ab,kw.
#2 policy or policies or preparation or promotion* or program* or "physical environment" or pilot or project or planning or "built environment" or environment* or evaluat* or engineer* or encourage* or education or equity or enforcement or intervention* or implement* or change or impact or "walk to school" or "safe routes to school" or "walking schoolbus" or "walking school bus" or "walking school buses":ti,ab,kw
#3 "United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States" OR “United Kingdom” OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” or “U.S. Virgin Islands”
#4 School:ti,ab,kw
#5 (cost* OR economic* OR financ* OR ROI OR investment*):ti,ab,kw
#6 #1 and #2 and #3 and #4 AND #5 Limits - Publication Year from 1990 to 2018
Database: EconLit
Date Searched: 7/12/2018
Results: 693/685 unique
Search Strategy:
(TX pedestrian* or transport* or active or walk or walks or walking or walked or walkers or bike OR bikers OR biking OR bicycl* OR cycling OR cyclist* OR commute* OR commuting OR travel*)
AND
(TX policy or policies or preparation or promotion* or program* or "physical environment" or pilot or project or planning or "built environment" or environment* or evaluat* or engineer* or encourage* or education or equity or enforcement or intervention* or implement* or change or impact or "walk to school" or "safe routes to school" or "walking schoolbus" or "walking school bus" or "walking school buses")
AND
(TX "United Kingdom" OR "United States" OR "Scotland" OR "Wales" OR "England" OR "United States" OR “United Kingdom” OR Andorra OR Antigua OR Barbuda OR Aruba OR Australia OR Austria OR Bahamas OR Bahrain OR Barbados OR Belgium OR Bermuda OR Brunei OR Darussalam OR Canada OR "Cayman Islands" OR "Channel Islands" OR Chile OR Croatia OR Curacao OR Cyprus OR "Czech Republic" OR Denmark OR Estonia OR "Equatorial Guinea" OR "Faeroe Islands" OR Finland OR France OR "French Polynesia" OR Germany OR Greece OR Greenland OR Guam OR "Hong Kong" OR Iceland OR Ireland OR "Isle of Man" OR Israel OR Italy OR Japan OR Korea OR Kuwait OR Latvia OR Liechtenstein OR Lithuania OR Luxembourg OR Macao OR Malta OR Monaco OR Netherlands OR "New Caledonia" OR "New Zealand" OR "Northern Mariana Islands" OR Norway OR Oman OR Poland OR Portugal OR "Puerto Rico" OR Qatar OR "Russian Federation" OR Russia OR "San Marino" OR "Saudi Arabia" OR Singapore OR "Sint Maarten" OR "Saint Maarten" OR "St. Martin" OR "Saint Martin" OR "Slovak Republic" OR Slovenia OR Spain OR "St. Kitts" OR Nevis OR Sweden OR Switzerland OR Taiwan OR "Trinidad" OR "Tobago" OR Turks OR Caicos OR Uruguay OR “United Arab Emirates” or “U.S. Virgin Islands”)
AND
(TI School) OR (AB School)
AND
(TX cost* OR economic* OR financ* OR ROI OR investment*)
LIMITS: English
Database: NTIS
Date Searched: 7/12/2018
Results: 274/274 unique
Search Strategy:
(TX pedestrian* or transport* or active or walk or walks or walking or walked or walkers or bike OR bikers OR biking OR bicycl* OR cycling OR cyclist* OR commute* OR commuting OR travel*)
AND
(TX policy or policies or preparation or promotion* or program* or "physical environment" or pilot or project or planning or "built environment" or environment* or evaluat* or engineer* or encourage* or education or equity or enforcement or intervention* or implement* or change or impact or "walk to school" or "safe routes to school" or "walking schoolbus" or "walking school bus" or "walking school buses")
AND
(TI School*) OR (AB School*)
AND
(TX cost* OR economic* OR financ* OR ROI OR investment*)
LIMITS:1990-2009, English